Composite materials are being increasingly used in automotive, civil, marine, and especially weight sensitive aerospace Application, primarily because of its specific strength and stiffness. This necessitates studies on vibration and buckling behaviour of the structures. Most of the analysis on vibration of composite plates is done either analytically or by different numerical methods. Very little is reported on the experimental investigation of laminated composite plates using the present state of the art instrumentation or measurement. The present research is mostly experimental study based on vibration measurement and buckling behaviour of industry driven woven fiber composite panels for different layer thickness. The effects of different geometry, boundary conditions, aspect ratio and type of fiber on the natural frequencies of vibration of woven fiber composite panels are studied in this investigation. The effects of variation in temperature and moisture concentration due to hygrothermal conditioning, on the natural frequencies are also investigated. Critical buckling load is determined for laminates with various thicknesses. Experiments have also been conducted to study the vibration and buckling characteristics of carbon/glass hybrid plates for different lamination sequence and percentage of carbon and glass fiber. A finite element package, ANSYS 13.0 was used to obtain the numerical results and plot the mode shapes for various modes of vibration.
The composite plates of different layers are manufactured using woven carbon fiber by hand lay-up method followed by cutting to required dimension. The free vibration characteristics are studied with First Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer, accelerometer using impact hammer excitation. The Frequency Response Function (FRF) is studied using Pulse Lab Shop to obtain a clear understanding of the vibration characteristics of the specimen. The critical buckling load is determined using INSTRON 1195.
From the results obtained it was observed that, the frequencies of vibration as well as critical buckling load increased with increase in thickness. For different boundary conditions, the modal frequencies were determined to be highest in case of fully clamped condition in comparison to all other boundary conditions. It was also observed that with increasing aspect ratio there is a gradual increase in the modal frequencies obtained, due to higher stiffness. As the conditioning temperature deviates from the manufacturing temperature, the natural frequencies decrease gradually. The increase in moisture concentration of the laminate results in decrease in the modal frequencies. When compared to Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) the natural frequencies of vibration obtained from Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates were found to be significantly higher which is representative of their higher specific strength. The results of buckling tests showed that the buckling load increases with increase in thickness of the laminate.
The studies concluded that the samples when subjected to thermal conditioning for ample time lose their stiffness and so the modal frequencies decrease. The decrease in the frequencies is proportional to the temperature difference between the conditioning temperature and the manufacturing temperature. Absorption of moisture at temperatures well above room temperature also leads to damage of the laminate and so the modal frequencies decrease. The fatigue testing done by repeatedly exposing the sample to a particular temperature, attain a constant value of stiffness after reduction in initial few iterations.
The studies on hybrid plates show that they possess the advantages of both their constituent fibres and have properties intermediate to the properties of individual fibres. The effect of percentage composition and sequence of lamination of the fibres on vibrational and buckling characteristics of the composite plates were observed.
It was observed that the failure due to tensile load in hybrids is governed by delamination between layers. The values of vibrational analysis present similar conclusions with regards to stiffness of plates as obtained from the tensile tests. The buckling results show that stiffer materials on outermost layer give maximum buckling strength compared to those with carbon fibers in inner layers.
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Few things are more aggravating to produce on a work-site than Concrete. Bags of cement, sand, aggregate (gravel) and possibly other additives must be delivered to the construction area. A supply of clean water is also necessary, along with a rented concrete mixing hopper. Even after all the dusty and heavy ingredients have been loaded into the hopper, one small error in the wet/dry ratio can render an entire batch of concrete unusable.
One common solution to this messy and time-consuming problem is READY MIX CONCRETE”Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water.
RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located batching plant.
It is delivered to a work-site, often in truck mixers capable of mixing the ingredients of the concrete en route or just before delivery of the batch. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The second option available is to mix the concrete at the batching plant and deliver the mixed concrete to the site in an agitator truck, which keeps the mixed concrete in correct form.
In the case of the centrally mixed type, the drum carrying the concrete revolves slowly so as to prevent the mixed concrete from "segregation" and prevent its stiffening due to initial set.
However, in the case of the truck-mixed concrete, the batched materials (sand, gravel and cement) are carried and water is added just at the time of mixing. In this case the cement remains in contact with the wet or moist material and this phase cannot exceed the permissible period, which is normally 90 minutes.
The use of the RMC is facilitated through a truck-mounted 'boom placer' that can pump the product for ready use at multistoried construction sites. A boom placer can pump the concrete up 80 meters.
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The purpose of this Water Sample Testing Civil Project is to find out, how the water sample can test. The report starts with introduction and ends with conclusion with experiment report. The report defines the detailed information about water testing with various examples. The report also explains about the quantity of the samples and types of the samples. The Sampling Methods consists of Manual sampling, Automatic sampling and Sorbent sampling, which explain the details of water testing.
The physical and chemical properties of drinking water vary from top to bottom of the depth of the earth, and the time from morning to night. It is therefore difficult to obtain a truly representative sample. We need water for different purposes; we need water for drinking, industry, irrigation, swimming, fishing, etc. Water for various purposes requirements for the composition and purity, and each body of water must be tested regularly to confirm the suitability.
The types of analysis could change from simple field testing for a single analytic to laboratory based multi component instrumental analysis. The analytical process demands sampling and sample storage since changes in composition of water do not stop once the sampling has been taken. Screening is done to ensure that water reaches the laboratory, the same composition as it has occurred during sampling.
The purpose of this project is to better understand environmental impacts of our actions on the local streams and rivers, the scientific studies of water quality and the understanding is to make the significance of the results. Water analysis and monitoring is a very important aspect of water conservation and protection. Water is a vital resource that runs more quickly over time. To ensure continued supply of safe, clean drinking water, we must work together as a community to protect and to this vital resource.
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In the present scenario, as a result of continuous growth in population, rapid industrialization and the accompanying technologies involving waste disposal, the rate of discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere, copper slag is one of the industrial waste which comes out from blast furnace during metal extraction process.
Copper slag is produced as a by-product of metallurgical operations in reverberatory furnaces. Originally imported from Japan, copper slag was used as an abrasive material for removing rust and marine deposits from ships through sandblasting. After repetitive recycling and reuse, the copper slag lost its original abrasive property and with no good use thereafter and was disposed in landfills. However, there were environmental concerns about the leaching of heavy metals into soil and ground-water, and hence were dumped in landfill sites in the distant island of Pulau Semakau for decades which again had very little room for further landfills.
Holcim Singapore found a novel way of encapsulating this waste into concrete thereby not only removing the environmental concern but also finding a value-added and meaningful substitute for natural sand. Copper slag is totally inert material and its physical properties are similar to natural sand. A laboratory study was carried out in the Institute to investigate the potential of using copper slag as a partial replacement of sand in cement concrete. The use of copper slag in cement and concrete provides potential environmental as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. In many countries, there is a scarcity of natural aggregate that is suitable for construction, whereas in other countries the consumption of aggregate has increased in recent years, due to increases in the construction Industry. In order to reduce depletion of natural aggregate due to construction, artificially manufactured aggregate and some industrial waste materials can be used as alternatives.
Thus our project is to utilize the copper slag by the replacement for fine aggregate for maintaining economy and increasing the strength of concrete. By this project we can also solve the problem of disposal of this type of industrial waste. Different types of slag according to the property can be utilized in different purposes.
Android is an operating system based on Linux with a Java programming interface, targeted at mobile hardware such as phones and tablet computers. It seems that it keeps increasing market share in smartphone and even trying to get footing into TV world (Google TV with Android OS). It provides tools, e.g. a compiler, debugger and a device emulator as well as its own Java Virtual machine (Dalvik). Android is created by the Open Handset Alliance which is lead by Google.Android uses a special Java virtual machine (Dalvik) which is based on the Apache Harmony Java implementation. Dalvik uses special bytecode there you cannot run standard Java program on Android but you have to use the Android compiler to create this special byte-code.
Android supports 2-D and 3-D graphics using the OpenGL libraries and supports data storage in a SQLite database. For development Google provides the Android Development Tools (ADT) for Eclipse to develop Android applications.Android's Linux kernel-based OS doesn't come with a sophisticated shell environment, but because the platform is open, we can write and install shells on a device. Download Group Messanger in Android
Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level and Open Source programming language.Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C.The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
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In this work the influence of Under Sleeper Pads on the dynamic forces on a railway track is investigated. A special interest is devoted to the effect of using Under Sleeper Pads in a railway track with changing vertical stiffness. The contact force between wheel and rail and the ballast contact forces are examined. For the investigation a finite element model with the length of thirty sleepers is created and calculations are performed with the software LS-DYNA. Three different cases of varying vertical track
stiffness are studied: the transition from an embankment to a bridge, a randomly varying track stiffness along the railway track and hanging sleepers.
This is one of the innovative Mechanical Engineering Project for Mechanical and Automobile Engineering Student.Complete Report in PDF format is included For study purpose.
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It is difficult for people to recognize currencies from different countries. Our aim is to help people solve this problem. However, currency recognition systems that are based on image analysis entirely are not sufficient. Our system is based on image processing and makes the process automatic and robust. We use SEK and Chinese RMB as examples to illustrate the technique. Color and shape information are used in our algorithm.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ying qualities of a light unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Thai company AVIA Satcom Co., Ltd. Based on the study changes in design was to be suggested to meet stability requirements and recommendations from European Aviation Safety Agency and Federal Aviation Administration. The evaluation was based on two dierent analyses.
First,the stability characteristics in terms of stability modes were examined by creating a light dynamics model of the studied airplane. Secondly the controllability of the vehicle was investigated by examining the control surfaces. It was found that the original design of the UAV was dynamically unstable and that the control surfaces were too large making the airplane dicult to y in trim condition. By studying the stability characteristics of the simulated airplane it could be concluded that the UAV was dynamically
stable for the improved design and thereby meet the requirements and recommendations.
Many modeling studies have been carried out to simulate the current distribution across the channel and shoulder direction in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. However the modeling results do not show agreement on the current density distribution. At the same time, no experimental measurement result of current density distribution across the channel and the shoulder direction is available to testify the modeling studies. Hence in this work, an experiment was conducted to separately
measure the current densities under the channel and the shoulder in a PEM fuel cell by using the specially designed membrane electrode assemblies. The experimental results show that the current density under the channel is lower than that under the shoulder except when the fuel cell load is high. Afterwards two more experiments were carried out to find out the reason causing the higher current density under the shoulder. The effects of the electric resistance of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in the lateral and through-plane directions on the current density distribution were studied respectively. The experimental results show that it is the through-plane electric resistance that leads to the higher current
density under the shoulder.